Pura Besakih, often referred to as Bali’s Mother Temple, is the largest and holiest temple complex on the island. Nestled on the slopes of Mount Agung, Bali’s highest volcano, this sprawling sanctuary is a focal point of spiritual and cultural life in Bali. With over 86 temples in the complex, Pura Besakih is not just a single temple but a collection of sacred spaces that offer a deep dive into the island’s rich religious traditions.

History and Significance

Pura Besakih, revered as Bali’s Mother Temple, is a cornerstone of the island’s spiritual and cultural identity. Its rich history and profound significance have made it an enduring symbol of Balinese Hinduism. Here’s a deeper look into its historical roots and spiritual importance.

Ancient Origins

Pura Besakih’s origins can be traced back over a thousand years, establishing it as one of the oldest and most sacred temple complexes in Bali. According to local legend, the temple was founded by the Hindu sage Markandeya. The story goes that Markandeya received divine guidance to establish a sanctuary at this site after a period of meditation and spiritual reflection. He began by constructing a shrine on the slopes of Mount Agung, which later evolved into the vast complex we see today.

The Role of Mount Agung

Mount Agung, Bali’s highest and most revered volcano, plays a crucial role in the significance of Pura Besakih. The temple is strategically located on the mountain’s southwestern slope, facing the sacred peak. In Balinese Hindu belief, Mount Agung is considered the abode of the gods, making the temple’s position highly auspicious. The alignment with the mountain underscores the temple’s role as a spiritual conduit between the earthly and divine realms.

Architectural Symbolism

The layout and architecture of Pura Besakih are imbued with symbolic meaning. The temple complex is designed to represent the Hindu concept of the cosmos, with multiple terraces and courtyards ascending towards the peak of Mount Agung. This tiered structure mirrors the sacred mountain’s form, symbolizing the ascent towards spiritual enlightenment.

  • Meru Towers: The tiered Meru towers are a prominent feature of the temple, each dedicated to different deities. The number of tiers on each tower signifies the importance of the deity it represents. For instance, the tallest Meru is dedicated to the supreme god, Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa.
  • Gateways and Carvings: The temple’s gateways (candi bentar) and stone carvings depict scenes from Hindu mythology, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Bali. These intricate designs serve both a decorative and educational purpose, conveying spiritual stories and teachings.

A Center for Ceremonies and Festivals

Pura Besakih is not just an architectural marvel but also a vital center for religious activities. It is the focal point for numerous ceremonies and festivals that are central to Balinese Hinduism. Some of the key events include:

  • Odalan: The temple’s anniversary celebration, which occurs every 210 days according to the Balinese Pawukon calendar. This festival is marked by vibrant rituals, offerings, and traditional dances.
  • Galungan and Kuningan: These important religious festivals celebrate the victory of dharma (good) over adharma (evil). Pura Besakih becomes a hive of activity during these times, with devotees flocking to the temple to offer prayers and participate in rituals.

Cultural and Spiritual Hub

Beyond its religious functions, Pura Besakih serves as a cultural and spiritual hub for the Balinese people. It is a place where traditional arts, music, and dances are performed, preserving the island’s rich cultural heritage. The temple complex is also a center for spiritual learning, where priests and devotees gather to study and practice their faith.

Preservation and Challenges

Preserving the sanctity and structural integrity of Pura Besakih is a continuous effort. The temple has faced challenges, including natural disasters like the eruption of Mount Agung. Despite these challenges, the temple has stood resilient, thanks to the dedication of the local community and the Balinese government. Efforts are ongoing to maintain and protect this sacred site, ensuring it remains a beacon of spiritual and cultural significance for future generations.

In summary, Pura Besakih’s history and significance extend beyond its physical structure. It is a living testament to the island’s spiritual heritage, embodying the deep connection between the Balinese people, their gods, and the natural world. Visiting Pura Besakih offers not only a glimpse into Bali’s past but also an understanding of its enduring cultural and spiritual traditions.

What to See at Pura Besakih

Pura Besakih, with its extensive complex and numerous temples, offers a variety of sights that captivate both the spiritual and the curious visitor. Here’s a detailed look at what you can expect to see when exploring Bali’s Mother Temple.

The Main Temple: Pura Penataran Agung

Pura Penataran Agung is the central and most significant temple within the Besakih complex. It is dedicated to the trinity of Hindu gods: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Here are some highlights:

  • Multiple Courtyards: The temple consists of several courtyards, each ascending higher up the slope of Mount Agung. These courtyards represent different stages of spiritual elevation.
  • Meru Towers: The towering shrines, known as Meru, are tiered structures that symbolize the mythical Mount Meru, the center of the universe in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cosmology. Each tier is an offering to the gods, and the number of tiers varies depending on the deity to whom the Meru is dedicated.
  • Intricate Stone Carvings: The temple walls and gateways are adorned with intricate stone carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, adding to the spiritual ambiance of the site.

Other Notable Temples

The Pura Besakih complex comprises over 80 temples, but a few stand out for their historical and cultural significance:

  • Pura Batu Madeg: One of the oldest temples in the complex, Pura Batu Madeg is dedicated to Vishnu. Its ancient stone structures and serene environment offer a glimpse into Bali’s early Hindu influences.
  • Pura Kiduling Kreteg: This temple is dedicated to Brahma and is known for its unique architecture and detailed carvings. The temple’s name translates to “the temple south of the bridge,” indicating its location within the complex.
  • Pura Gelap: Perched at a higher elevation, Pura Gelap is dedicated to Shiva. It offers stunning views of the surrounding landscape and is a peaceful spot for reflection and meditation.

The Views and Surroundings

Pura Besakih’s location on the slopes of Mount Agung provides breathtaking views of the mountain and the surrounding valleys. Here are some key points of interest:

  • Panoramic Views: The higher you climb within the temple complex, the more expansive the views become. On a clear day, you can see for miles, taking in the lush greenery and distant mountains.
  • Terraced Layout: The temple’s terraced design is both functional and symbolic. Each terrace represents a step closer to the gods, enhancing the spiritual journey of visitors.
  • Natural Beauty: The temple is surrounded by lush vegetation and well-maintained gardens. The natural beauty of the area adds to the serene and spiritual atmosphere, making it a perfect place for contemplation.

Exploring Pura Besakih offers a unique opportunity to immerse yourself in the spiritual heart of Bali. Each temple within the complex has its own story and significance, providing a comprehensive understanding of Balinese Hinduism and its cultural heritage. Whether you are drawn by the architectural beauty, the spiritual significance, or the stunning natural surroundings, Pura Besakih has something to offer every visitor.

The Views and Surroundings

Pura Besakih offers breathtaking views of Mount Agung and the surrounding valleys. The temple’s location on the mountain slope provides a serene and majestic backdrop, enhancing the spiritual ambiance of the site. Visitors often spend time exploring the various terraces and courtyards, each offering unique perspectives and photo opportunities.

Tips for Visiting Pura Besakih

Visiting Pura Besakih, Bali’s Mother Temple, can be an enriching experience if you’re well-prepared. Here are some essential tips to help you make the most of your visit:

Best Time to Visit

  • Early Morning or Late Afternoon: The best times to visit are early in the morning or late in the afternoon. This allows you to avoid the midday heat and the larger crowds that typically arrive around noon.
  • During Festivals: Visiting during major Hindu festivals like Galungan or Kuningan can offer a more vibrant and culturally immersive experience. However, be prepared for larger crowds during these times.

Dress Code and Etiquette

  • Modest Clothing: Visitors are required to dress modestly when visiting the temple. This means covering your shoulders and knees. Lightweight, breathable fabrics are recommended due to the warm climate.
  • Sarong and Sash: Wearing a sarong (a long piece of cloth wrapped around the waist) and a sash (tied around the waist over the sarong) is mandatory. These can usually be rented at the entrance if you don’t have your own.
  • Respectful Behavior: Always be respectful of ongoing ceremonies and rituals. Avoid loud conversations and disruptive behavior. If you wish to take photographs of people in prayer, ask for permission first.

Hiring a Guide

  • Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can greatly enhance your visit. Guides can provide valuable insights into the history, significance, and architecture of the temple complex, making your experience more informative and meaningful.
  • Authorized Guides: Ensure that your guide is authorized and knowledgeable about the temple. This can often be arranged at the entrance.

Practical Considerations

  • Footwear: Wear comfortable footwear, as you will be doing a lot of walking and climbing steps. However, you may need to remove your shoes when entering certain areas of the temple.
  • Sun Protection: Bring a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen to protect yourself from the sun, especially if you are visiting during the day.
  • Hydration: Carry a bottle of water to stay hydrated, as the temple complex is vast and exploring it can be physically demanding.

Photography

  • Permissions: While photography is generally allowed, always ask for permission if you are capturing images of people, especially those participating in ceremonies or rituals.
  • No Drone Zone: The use of drones is typically not permitted within the temple grounds to respect the sanctity and privacy of the site.

Navigating the Temple Complex

  • Map and Signage: Obtain a map of the temple complex at the entrance to help you navigate. Signage is available but can sometimes be confusing due to the size of the complex.
  • Key Temples: Make sure to visit the main temple, Pura Penataran Agung, as well as other notable temples like Pura Batu Madeg, Pura Kiduling Kreteg, and Pura Gelap for a comprehensive experience.

Local Customs and Traditions

  • Offerings and Donations: It is customary to make a small donation when visiting the temple. You may also see locals making offerings (canang sari) of flowers, rice, and incense. Respect these offerings and avoid stepping on them.
  • Temple Priests: You may encounter temple priests conducting rituals. It is polite to keep a respectful distance and not interrupt their activities.

Safety and Accessibility

  • Physical Fitness: The temple complex involves a lot of walking and stair climbing. Make sure you are physically prepared for this. If you have mobility issues, inform your guide in advance to make necessary arrangements.
  • Weather Conditions: Check the weather forecast before your visit. The temple is located on a mountain slope, so weather conditions can change rapidly.

By following these tips, you can ensure a respectful, enjoyable, and memorable visit to Pura Besakih, gaining a deeper appreciation for its cultural and spiritual significance.

Guided Tours

Hiring a local guide can greatly enhance your visit to Pura Besakih. Guides can provide valuable insights into the history, significance, and architecture of the temple complex, making your visit more informative and meaningful.

Practical Information

  • Location: Besakih Village, Rendang, Karangasem Regency, Bali
  • Opening Hours: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
  • Entrance Fee: Approximately IDR 60,000 (subject to change)
  • Facilities: Basic facilities including restrooms, parking, and small shops are available near the entrance.

Our Review

Visiting Pura Besakih is a truly enriching experience that offers a profound insight into Bali’s spiritual and cultural heart. Here’s our detailed review of what makes Pura Besakih a must-visit destination.

Spiritual and Cultural Significance

Pura Besakih stands as a testament to the deep-rooted spiritual traditions of the Balinese people. As the island’s Mother Temple, it plays a central role in the religious life of Bali, hosting numerous ceremonies and festivals that draw devotees from all over the island. The temple’s spiritual atmosphere is palpable, offering visitors a chance to witness and experience Balinese Hinduism in its most authentic form.

Architectural Grandeur

The architectural grandeur of Pura Besakih is awe-inspiring. The temple complex’s layout, with its multiple courtyards, towering Meru shrines, and intricately carved gateways, showcases the pinnacle of Balinese temple architecture. Each structure within the complex is steeped in symbolism and meticulously designed to represent the Hindu cosmology. The attention to detail in the stone carvings and the overall design reflects the dedication and craftsmanship of the Balinese people.

Stunning Natural Surroundings

Set against the majestic backdrop of Mount Agung, Pura Besakih offers breathtaking views that enhance its spiritual ambiance. The temple’s location on the mountain slope provides panoramic vistas of the surrounding valleys and lush greenery. The natural beauty of the area, combined with the serenity of the temple grounds, makes for a tranquil and meditative environment.

Cultural Immersion

One of the highlights of visiting Pura Besakih is the opportunity for cultural immersion. Whether it’s observing a traditional ceremony, listening to the chants of priests, or simply interacting with locals, visitors can gain a deeper understanding of Balinese culture and traditions. Festivals and special events held at the temple provide a vibrant and colorful glimpse into the island’s rich cultural heritage.

Visitor Experience

Our visit to Pura Besakih was both memorable and educational. The temple complex is well-maintained, with clear signage and pathways that make navigation relatively easy. Hiring a local guide proved invaluable, as they provided detailed explanations of the temple’s history, architecture, and rituals, enriching our understanding of the site.

While the temple can get crowded, especially during peak tourist season and festivals, the vastness of the complex allows for moments of solitude and reflection. The locals are friendly and respectful, often willing to share insights and stories about the temple’s significance.

Practical Considerations

  • Facilities: Basic facilities, including restrooms and small shops, are available near the entrance. It’s advisable to carry water and wear comfortable footwear due to the extensive walking involved.
  • Accessibility: The temple complex involves a considerable amount of stair climbing, so visitors should be prepared for physical exertion. Those with mobility issues should plan accordingly.

Overall Impression

Overall, Pura Besakih is a destination that should not be missed when visiting Bali. Its spiritual significance, architectural beauty, and stunning natural setting make it a highlight of any trip to the island. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a spiritual seeker, or simply a curious traveler, Pura Besakih offers a profound and captivating experience that stays with you long after you leave.

By immersing yourself in the sacred atmosphere of Bali’s Mother Temple, you gain a deeper appreciation for the island’s cultural and spiritual heritage. Pura Besakih is more than just a temple—it’s a journey into the heart of Bali’s soul.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Pura Besakih suitable for children?

Yes, Pura Besakih is suitable for children. The temple complex is large and offers plenty of space for children to explore. However, parents should keep a close eye on their children, especially around the many steps and terraces, to ensure their safety.

How much time should I allocate for a visit?

You should plan to spend at least 2-3 hours exploring Pura Besakih. This allows ample time to visit the main temple, explore other notable temples within the complex, and take in the breathtaking views and surroundings. If you’re interested in a more in-depth experience, consider allocating half a day for your visit.

Can I participate in the temple ceremonies?

Visitors can observe ceremonies at Pura Besakih, but participation is usually reserved for locals and practicing Hindus. It’s important to be respectful and follow the guidance of temple staff and local guides. If you’re interested in learning more about the ceremonies, hiring a knowledgeable guide can provide valuable insights.

What should I wear when visiting Pura Besakih?

Visitors are required to dress modestly when visiting Pura Besakih. This means covering your shoulders and knees. Wearing a sarong and sash is mandatory, and these can usually be rented at the temple entrance. Lightweight and breathable fabrics are recommended due to Bali’s warm climate.

Is photography allowed at Pura Besakih?

Yes, photography is generally allowed at Pura Besakih. However, always ask for permission before taking photos of people, especially those participating in ceremonies or rituals. Be respectful and avoid using flash photography during religious activities.

Are there guided tours available?

Yes, guided tours are available and highly recommended. Hiring a local guide can greatly enhance your visit by providing detailed explanations of the temple’s history, significance, and architecture. Guides can also help navigate the complex and share interesting anecdotes and insights.

What are the opening hours of Pura Besakih?

Pura Besakih is open daily from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM. It’s best to visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the midday heat and larger crowds.

How much is the entrance fee?

The entrance fee to Pura Besakih is approximately IDR 60,000. Please note that prices may change, so it’s a good idea to check current rates before your visit.

What facilities are available at Pura Besakih?

Basic facilities are available at Pura Besakih, including restrooms, parking, and small shops near the entrance. It’s advisable to bring your own water and snacks, as options within the temple complex can be limited.

Is Pura Besakih accessible for people with mobility issues?

The temple complex involves a considerable amount of walking and stair climbing, which may be challenging for visitors with mobility issues. While there are some paths that are relatively easy to navigate, others can be steep and uneven. If you have mobility concerns, it’s recommended to inform your guide in advance to make necessary arrangements.

Can I make offerings at the temple?

Visitors are welcome to make offerings at Pura Besakih. Small baskets of flowers, rice, and incense, known as canang sari, can be purchased at the entrance or from local vendors. Making an offering is a way to show respect and participate in the temple’s spiritual practices.

By addressing these frequently asked questions, we hope to help you prepare for a fulfilling and respectful visit to Pura Besakih, Bali’s Mother Temple. Enjoy your exploration of this sacred and historically rich site!

Pura Besakih is more than just a temple; it is a journey into the spiritual and cultural essence of Bali. Its magnificent architecture, rich history, and serene setting make it a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to the island. By following our guide, you’ll be well-prepared to experience the magic and majesty of Bali’s Mother Temple.